What Takes More Energy to Produce? Wheat Corn Beef Soy Beans

Abstract

Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people live primarily on a meat-based diet, while an estimated 4 billion live primarily on a found-based diet. The Usa food product system uses near 50% of the full US land expanse, 80% of the fresh h2o, and 17% of the fossil energy used in the state. The heavy dependence on fossil energy suggests that the US food organization, whether meat-based or constitute-based, is not sustainable. The employ of land and energy resources devoted to an boilerplate meat-based diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian (plant-based) nutrition is analyzed in this written report. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed are kept constant at about 3533 kcal per person. The meat-based food organisation requires more than energy, land, and water resources than the lactoovovegetarian nutrition. In this limited sense, the lactoovovegetarian diet is more sustainable than the average American meat-based diet.

INTRODUCTION

Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people alive primarily on a meat-based diet, while an estimated 4 billion live primarily on a plant-based diet. The shortages of cropland, fresh water, and energy resources require most of the four billion people to live on a institute-based diet. The World Health Organization recently reported that more than 3 billion people are malnourished (1, 2). This is the largest number and proportion of malnourished people always recorded in history. In large measure, the food shortage and malnourishment trouble is primarily related to rapid population growth in the world plus the declining per capita availability of state, water, and free energy resources (3).

Like the world population, the Us population continues to grow rapidly. The United states population doubled in the by 60 y and is projected to double again in the next 70 y (4) ( Figure i). The U.s.a. food production system uses about 50% of the total US land area, approximately 80% of the fresh water, and 17% of the fossil free energy used in the land (iii). The heavy dependence on fossil energy suggests that the United states food system, whether meat-based or plant-based, is non sustainable. The utilize of land and free energy resource devoted to an boilerplate meat-based diet compared with a lactoovovegetarian (plant-based) diet is analyzed in this report. In both diets, the daily quantity of calories consumed was kept constant at about 3533 kcal per person.

FIGURE 1.

Projection of Us population growth in the next 70 y (4).

Figure 1.

Projection of US population growth in the next lxx y (4).

LACTOOVOVEGETARIAN Diet

The lactoovovegetarian diet was selected for this assay because most vegetarians are on this or some modified version of this diet. In add-on, the American Heart Association reported that the lactoovovegetarian nutrition enables individuals to run across basic nutrient needs (v).

A comparing of the calorie and food consumption of a lactoovovegetarian nutrition and a meat-based diet is provided in Table 1. In the lactoovovegetarian nutrition, the meat and fish calories were replaced by proportionately increasing almost other foods consumed in Table 1 in the vegetarian diet except sugar and sweeteners, fats, and vegetable oils. The total weight of food consumed was slightly higher (1002 kg per year) in the lactoovovegetarian nutrition than in the meat-based diet (995 kg per year). The most food calories consumed in both diets were associated with food grains, and the second largest amount of calories consumed was from sugar and sweeteners.

Table 1

Per capita food consumption, energy, and protein of foods of a meat-based compared with a lactoovovegetarian nutrition in the United States

Food	Meat-based diet 1	Energy	Poly peptide	Lactoovovegetarian nutrition 2	Free energy	Protein
	kg	kcal	g	kg	kcal	g
Nutrient grain	114	849	24.9	152	1132	33.2
Pulses (legumes)	4.3	twoscore	ii.0	seven.v	70	4.5
Vegetables	239	147	half dozen.half-dozen	286	155	8.eight
Oil crops	6	71	3.0	8	95	4.0
Fruit	109	122	1.4	112	122	1.ix
Meat	124	452	41.1	0	0	0
Fish	20.3	28	4.vii	0	0	0
Dairy products	256	385	22.5	307.one	473	30.0
Eggs	14.v	55	4.2	19.2	73	5.6
Vegetable oils	24	548	0.2	25	570	0.2
Animal fats	half dozen.7	127	0.one	vi.7	127	0.1
Saccharide and sweeteners	74	686	0.ii	74	686	0.2
Basics	iii.1	23	0.half-dozen	4.0	xxx	0.8
Total	994.9	3533	111.five	1001.5	3533	89.three
Feed grains 3	816.0	—	—	450.0	—	—

Nutrient	Meat-based diet 1	Energy	Protein	Lactoovovegetarian diet ii	Energy	Poly peptide
	kg	kcal	yard	kg	kcal	m
Food grain	114	849	24.9	152	1132	33.2
Pulses (legumes)	4.three	twoscore	2.0	7.v	70	4.five
Vegetables	239	147	6.six	286	155	8.viii
Oil crops	6	71	3.0	8	95	4.0
Fruit	109	122	1.4	112	122	1.9
Meat	124	452	41.ane	0	0	0
Fish	20.three	28	4.7	0	0	0
Dairy products	256	385	22.v	307.1	473	xxx.0
Eggs	xiv.5	55	4.two	19.2	73	5.6
Vegetable oils	24	548	0.2	25	570	0.two
Fauna fats	vi.vii	127	0.1	6.7	127	0.1
Carbohydrate and sweeteners	74	686	0.2	74	686	0.2
Basics	3.1	23	0.vi	4.0	xxx	0.8
Total	994.9	3533	111.5	1001.five	3533	89.3
Feed grains 3	816.0	—	—	450.0	—	—

1

Data from FAOSTAT (six).

2

Estimated.

3

Feed grains are cereal grains fed to livestock.

TABLE 1

Per capita nutrient consumption, energy, and protein of foods of a meat-based compared with a lactoovovegetarian diet in the United states of america

Food	Meat-based diet 1	Free energy	Protein	Lactoovovegetarian diet 2	Free energy	Protein
	kg	kcal	g	kg	kcal	g
Food grain	114	849	24.9	152	1132	33.ii
Pulses (legumes)	four.3	40	2.0	7.5	lxx	4.5
Vegetables	239	147	six.6	286	155	eight.8
Oil crops	6	71	3.0	8	95	iv.0
Fruit	109	122	ane.4	112	122	i.9
Meat	124	452	41.1	0	0	0
Fish	xx.3	28	4.7	0	0	0
Dairy products	256	385	22.five	307.1	473	30.0
Eggs	14.five	55	4.two	19.2	73	5.6
Vegetable oils	24	548	0.2	25	570	0.2
Animate being fats	6.7	127	0.1	6.seven	127	0.1
Carbohydrate and sweeteners	74	686	0.two	74	686	0.two
Basics	iii.1	23	0.vi	4.0	30	0.viii
Full	994.ix	3533	111.5	1001.5	3533	89.3
Feed grains three	816.0	—	—	450.0	—	—

Food	Meat-based nutrition 1	Free energy	Protein	Lactoovovegetarian diet two	Energy	Protein
	kg	kcal	one thousand	kg	kcal	g
Food grain	114	849	24.9	152	1132	33.2
Pulses (legumes)	4.3	forty	two.0	seven.v	70	4.5
Vegetables	239	147	6.six	286	155	8.viii
Oil crops	vi	71	3.0	8	95	4.0
Fruit	109	122	1.4	112	122	1.nine
Meat	124	452	41.1	0	0	0
Fish	twenty.iii	28	iv.seven	0	0	0
Dairy products	256	385	22.5	307.1	473	30.0
Eggs	14.five	55	4.two	19.two	73	5.vi
Vegetable oils	24	548	0.two	25	570	0.2
Animal fats	vi.7	127	0.one	half-dozen.7	127	0.ane
Saccharide and sweeteners	74	686	0.2	74	686	0.2
Nuts	3.ane	23	0.6	four.0	thirty	0.8
Total	994.9	3533	111.5	1001.5	3533	89.3
Feed grains 3	816.0	—	—	450.0	—	—

1

Information from FAOSTAT (half dozen).

2

Estimated.

three

Feed grains are cereal grains fed to livestock.

The corporeality of feed grains used to produce the fauna products (milk and eggs) consumed in the lactoovovegetarian diet was near half (450 kg) the corporeality of feed grains fed to the livestock (816 kg) to produce the brute products consumed in the meat-based diet (Table 1). This is expected considering of the relatively large amount of brute products consumed in the meat-based diet (7). Less than 0.4 ha of cropland was used to produce the food for the vegetarian-based diet, whereas about 0.5 ha of cropland was used in the meat-based diet (8). This reflects the larger amount of country needed to produce the meat-based nutrition (Table one).

The major fossil energy inputs for grain, vegetable, and forage product include fertilizers, agricultural equipment, fuel, irrigation, and pesticides (8, nine). The energy inputs vary according to the crops being grown (10). When these inputs are balanced against their energy and protein content, grains and some legumes, such as soybeans, are produced more efficiently in terms of energy inputs than vegetables, fruits, and brute products (viii). In the The states, the average protein yield from a grain crop such as corn is 720 kg/ha (10). To produce 1 kcal of plant protein requires an input of about 2.2 kcal of fossil free energy (10).

MEAT-BASED DIET

The meat-based diet differs from the vegetarian nutrition in that 124 kg of meat and 20.3 kg of fish are consumed per year (Table 1). Annotation that the number of calories is the same for both diets because the vegetarian foods consumed were proportionately increased to make sure that both diets contained the same number of calories. The full calories in the meat and fish consumed per day was 480 kcal. The foods in the meat-based diet providing the most calories were food grains and saccharide and sweeteners—similar to the lactoovovegetarian nutrition.

In the United States, more than 9 billion livestock are maintained to supply the animal protein consumed each yr (11). This livestock population on average outweighs the US human population by about v times. Some livestock, such equally poultry and hogs, consume only grains, whereas dairy cattle, beefiness cattle, and lambs eat both grains and forage. At present, the United states livestock population consumes more than seven times equally much grain as is consumed directly by the entire American population (11). The corporeality of grains fed to U.s.a. livestock is sufficient to feed nearly 840 million people who follow a constitute-based diet (7). From the US livestock population, a total of about 8 million tons (metric) of beast protein is produced annually. With an average distribution causeless, this poly peptide is sufficient to supply near 77 one thousand of beast protein daily per American. With the improver of most 35 g of available plant protein consumed per person, a total of 112 g of protein is available per capita in the U.s.a. per day (11). Note that the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for adults per day is 56 g of poly peptide from a mixed diet. Therefore, based on these data, each American consumes about twice the RDA for protein. Americans on average are eating too much and are consuming about 1000 kcal in excess per day per capita (12, 13). The protein consumed per day on the lactoovovegetarian diet is 89 thousand per day. This is significantly lower than the 112 thousand for the meat-based nutrition but all the same much higher than the RDA of 56 m per twenty-four hour period.

About 124 kg of meat is eaten per American per yr (6). Of the meat eaten, beefiness amounts to 44 kg, pork 31 kg, poultry 48 kg, and other meats 1 kg. Additional animal poly peptide is obtained from the consumption of milk, eggs, and fish. For every 1 kg of high-quality animal protein produced, livestock are fed nearly half dozen kg of establish poly peptide. In the conversion of plant protein to creature protein, in that location are ii principal inputs or costs: 1) the direct costs of production of the harvest animal, including its feed; and 2) the indirect costs for maintaining the breeding herds.

Fossil energy is expended in livestock product systems ( Table ii). For example, broiler chicken production is the most efficient, with an input of 4 kcal of fossil energy for each ane kcal of broiler poly peptide produced. The broiler system is primarily dependent on grain. Turkey, besides a grain-fed system, is next in efficiency, with a ratio of ten:ane. Milk product, based on a mixture of ii-thirds grain and one-third fodder, is relatively efficient, with a ratio of xiv:1. Both pork and egg production also depend on grain. Pork production has a ratio of fourteen:one, whereas egg production has a 39:1 ratio.

Table 2

Animal product in the Us and the fossil energy required to produce 1 kcal of animal protein

Livestock and animal products	Product volume one	Ratio of energy input to protein output two
	× 10 6	kcal
Lamb	vii	57:one
Beef cattle	74	forty:1
Eggs	77000	39:1
Swine	60	14:1
Dairy (milk)	thirteen	xiv:1
Turkeys	273	ten:1
Broilers	8000	4:one

Livestock and fauna products	Production volume 1	Ratio of energy input to poly peptide output two
	× 10 6	kcal
Lamb	7	57:one
Beef cattle	74	twoscore:1
Eggs	77000	39:1
Swine	60	14:one
Dairy (milk)	13	xiv:ane
Turkeys	273	10:1
Broilers	8000	4:1

1

Data from US Section of Agronomics (11).

2

Data from Pimentel (9).

TABLE 2

Fauna product in the The states and the fossil free energy required to produce i kcal of animal protein

Livestock and animal products	Production volume 1	Ratio of energy input to protein output two
	× 10 half dozen	kcal
Lamb	7	57:ane
Beef cattle	74	40:ane
Eggs	77000	39:1
Swine	60	fourteen:1
Dairy (milk)	13	xiv:ane
Turkeys	273	10:1
Broilers	8000	4:1

Livestock and creature products	Production volume ane	Ratio of free energy input to protein output two
	× 10 six	kcal
Lamb	7	57:ane
Beef cattle	74	40:1
Eggs	77000	39:one
Swine	60	14:i
Dairy (milk)	13	xiv:ane
Turkeys	273	10:1
Broilers	8000	4:1

1

Information from United states Department of Agriculture (11).

2

Information from Pimentel (9).

The 2 livestock systems depending most heavily on fodder but too using pregnant amounts of grain are the beef and lamb production systems ( Table 3). The beefiness system has a ratio of twoscore:1, while the lamb has the highest, with a ratio of 57:1 (Tabular array 2). If these animals were fed on only expert-quality pasture, the energy inputs could be reduced by about one-half.

Table 3

Grain and forage inputs per kilogram of animal product produced

Livestock	Grain i	Forage 2
	kg	kg
Lamb	21	30
Beef cattle	xiii	30
Eggs	xi	—
Swine	5.9	—
Turkeys	three.eight	—
Broilers	two.3	—
Dairy (milk)	0.7	1

Livestock	Grain 1	Forage 2
	kg	kg
Lamb	21	xxx
Beef cattle	13	thirty
Eggs	eleven	—
Swine	five.9	—
Turkeys	iii.8	—
Broilers	ii.iii	—
Dairy (milk)	0.7	1

1

Data from US Section of Agronomics (11).

2

Information from Morrison (14) and Heitschmidt et al (15).

TABLE 3

Grain and forage inputs per kilogram of animal product produced

Livestock	Grain 1	Fodder two
	kg	kg
Lamb	21	30
Beef cattle	13	30
Eggs	11	—
Swine	five.9	—
Turkeys	3.8	—
Broilers	2.3	—
Dairy (milk)	0.vii	i

Livestock	Grain i	Fodder 2
	kg	kg
Lamb	21	thirty
Beef cattle	13	xxx
Eggs	11	—
Swine	5.9	—
Turkeys	3.8	—
Broilers	2.three	—
Dairy (milk)	0.seven	1

i

Data from US Department of Agriculture (11).

2

Information from Morrison (14) and Heitschmidt et al (fifteen).

The average fossil energy input for all the creature poly peptide product systems studied is 25 kcal fossil energy input per 1 kcal of poly peptide produced (Table 2). This energy input is more than 11 times greater than that for grain protein product, which is nigh 2.2 kcal of fossil energy input per 1 kcal of plant poly peptide produced ( Table 4). This is for corn and assumes ix% protein in the corn. Animal poly peptide is a complete protein based on its amino acid contour and has nearly i.4 times the biological value of grain poly peptide (8).

Table 4

Energy inputs and costs of corn product per hectare in the United States

Inputs	Quantity	Energy	Cost
		kcal × 1000	$
Labor (h) 1	11.4 (16) 2	462	114.00 three
Machinery (kg)	55 (8)	1018 (17)	103.21 (xviii)
Diesel (L)	42.2 (19, 20)	481 (17)	viii.87 (21)
Gasoline (Fifty)	32.4 (19, 20)	328 (17)	nine.40 (21)
Nitrogen (kg)	144.6 (22)	2688 (23)	89.65 (21)
Phosphorus (kg)	62.eight (22)	260 (23)	34.54 (21)
Potassium (kg)	54.9 (22)	179 (23)	17.02 (21)
Lime (kg)	699 (22)	220 (17)	139.80 (16)
Seeds (kg)	21 (8)	520 (17)	74.81 (24)
Irrigation (cm)	33.7 (25)	320 (17)	123.00
Herbicides (kg)	3.two (22)	320 (17)	64.00 4
Insecticides (kg)	0.92 (22)	92 (17)	18.forty 4
Electricity (kWh)	13.2 (nineteen, xx)	34 (17)	2.38 v
Transportation (kg) 6	151	125 (17)	45.30 7
Total (kg yield)	7965 (27)	7047 8	844.38

Inputs	Quantity	Energy	Toll
		kcal × 1000	$
Labor (h) 1	11.four (16) 2	462	114.00 iii
Machinery (kg)	55 (eight)	1018 (17)	103.21 (18)
Diesel (50)	42.two (xix, twenty)	481 (17)	viii.87 (21)
Gasoline (L)	32.four (19, 20)	328 (17)	9.40 (21)
Nitrogen (kg)	144.6 (22)	2688 (23)	89.65 (21)
Phosphorus (kg)	62.8 (22)	260 (23)	34.54 (21)
Potassium (kg)	54.9 (22)	179 (23)	17.02 (21)
Lime (kg)	699 (22)	220 (17)	139.eighty (sixteen)
Seeds (kg)	21 (eight)	520 (17)	74.81 (24)
Irrigation (cm)	33.7 (25)	320 (17)	123.00
Herbicides (kg)	3.2 (22)	320 (17)	64.00 four
Insecticides (kg)	0.92 (22)	92 (17)	xviii.40 4
Electricity (kWh)	13.2 (19, xx)	34 (17)	2.38 5
Transportation (kg) half dozen	151	125 (17)	45.30 7
Full (kg yield)	7965 (27)	7047 eight	844.38

1

It is causeless that a person works 2000 h/y and uses an average of 8100 L oil equivalents/y.

ii

Reference.

3

It is causeless that farm labor is paid $10/h.

four

It is assumed that herbicide and insecticide prices are $20/kg.

5

The price of electricity is $0.07/kWh (26).

6

Goods transported include machinery, fuels, and seeds that were shipped an estimated k km.

7

Transport was estimated to cost $0.30/kg.

eight

Ratio of kcal input to output = i:iv.07.

TABLE four

Energy inputs and costs of corn product per hectare in the United States

Inputs	Quantity	Energy	Toll
		kcal × thou	$
Labor (h) ane	eleven.four (16) ii	462	114.00 3
Mechanism (kg)	55 (viii)	1018 (17)	103.21 (eighteen)
Diesel (50)	42.two (nineteen, 20)	481 (17)	8.87 (21)
Gasoline (L)	32.iv (19, xx)	328 (17)	9.xl (21)
Nitrogen (kg)	144.6 (22)	2688 (23)	89.65 (21)
Phosphorus (kg)	62.8 (22)	260 (23)	34.54 (21)
Potassium (kg)	54.nine (22)	179 (23)	17.02 (21)
Lime (kg)	699 (22)	220 (17)	139.fourscore (sixteen)
Seeds (kg)	21 (eight)	520 (17)	74.81 (24)
Irrigation (cm)	33.7 (25)	320 (17)	123.00
Herbicides (kg)	3.2 (22)	320 (17)	64.00 4
Insecticides (kg)	0.92 (22)	92 (17)	18.40 four
Electricity (kWh)	13.2 (19, 20)	34 (17)	ii.38 five
Transportation (kg) half dozen	151	125 (17)	45.30 seven
Full (kg yield)	7965 (27)	7047 viii	844.38

Inputs	Quantity	Free energy	Toll
		kcal × 1000	$
Labor (h) 1	11.4 (xvi) two	462	114.00 3
Mechanism (kg)	55 (8)	1018 (17)	103.21 (xviii)
Diesel (L)	42.2 (xix, xx)	481 (17)	8.87 (21)
Gasoline (Fifty)	32.iv (xix, twenty)	328 (17)	nine.40 (21)
Nitrogen (kg)	144.vi (22)	2688 (23)	89.65 (21)
Phosphorus (kg)	62.8 (22)	260 (23)	34.54 (21)
Potassium (kg)	54.nine (22)	179 (23)	17.02 (21)
Lime (kg)	699 (22)	220 (17)	139.80 (16)
Seeds (kg)	21 (8)	520 (17)	74.81 (24)
Irrigation (cm)	33.7 (25)	320 (17)	123.00
Herbicides (kg)	3.two (22)	320 (17)	64.00 four
Insecticides (kg)	0.92 (22)	92 (17)	eighteen.forty four
Electricity (kWh)	13.2 (19, 20)	34 (17)	ii.38 5
Transportation (kg) 6	151	125 (17)	45.30 7
Total (kg yield)	7965 (27)	7047 8	844.38

1

It is causeless that a person works 2000 h/y and uses an average of 8100 Fifty oil equivalents/y.

2

Reference.

3

Information technology is assumed that farm labor is paid $x/h.

4

It is assumed that herbicide and insecticide prices are $20/kg.

five

The price of electricity is $0.07/kWh (26).

6

Goods transported include mechanism, fuels, and seeds that were shipped an estimated 1000 km.

7

Transport was estimated to cost $0.30/kg.

8

Ratio of kcal input to output = ane:iv.07.

LAND RESOURCES

More than than 99.2% of The states nutrient is produced on country, while < 0.8% comes from oceans and other aquatic ecosystems. The continued use and productivity of the land is a growing concern because of the rapid rate of soil erosion and degradation throughout the United States and the world. Each year about 90% of US cropland loses soil at a rate thirteen times above the sustainable rate of i ton/ha/y (28). As well, U.s. pastures and rangelands are losing soil at an average of 6 tons/ha/y. Most 60% of U.s.a. pastureland is existence overgrazed and is subject to accelerated erosion.

The concern well-nigh loftier rates of soil erosion in the United States and the world is axiomatic when it is understood that it takes approximately 500 y to replace 25 mm (1 in) of lost soil (28). Conspicuously, a farmer cannot wait for the replacement of 25 mm of soil. Commercial fertilizers can replace some nutrient loss resulting from soil erosion, but this requires big inputs of fossil free energy.

Water Resource

Agricultural production, including livestock production, consumes more fresh water than any other activity in the United States. Western agronomical irrigation accounts for 85% of the fresh h2o consumed (29). The water required to produce various foods and forage crops ranges from 500 to 2000 50 of water per kilogram of crop produced. For instance, a hectare of US corn transpires more than 5 million L of water during the three-mo growing season. If irrigation is required, more than 10 million L of water must be practical. Even with 800–yard mm of annual rainfall in the Usa Corn Belt, corn usually suffers from lack of water in late July, when the corn is growing the almost.

Producing 1 kg of animal protein requires well-nigh 100 times more water than producing ane kg of grain protein (8). Livestock directly uses but 1.iii% of the total water used in agriculture. However, when the water required for forage and grain product is included, the water requirements for livestock product dramatically increase. For example, producing ane kg of fresh beef may require nearly 13 kg of grain and 30 kg of hay (17). This much forage and grain requires well-nigh 100 000 Fifty of water to produce the 100 kg of hay, and 5400 L for the 4 kg of grain. On rangeland for provender production, more than than 200 000 50 of water are needed to produce 1 kg of beef (thirty). Animals vary in the amounts of water required for their production. In contrast to beef, 1 kg of broiler tin can exist produced with about 2.3 kg of grain requiring approximately 3500 L of water.

CONCLUSION

Both the meat-based average American diet and the lactoovovegetarian diet crave significant quantities of nonrenewable fossil free energy to produce. Thus, both food systems are not sustainable in the long term based on heavy fossil energy requirements. Still, the meat-based diet requires more energy, land, and water resources than the lactoovovegetarian diet. In this limited sense, the lactoovovegetarian diet is more sustainable than the boilerplate American meat-based diet.

The major threat to future survival and to US natural resource is rapid population growth. The U.s.a. population of 285 million is projected to double to 570 million in the next 70 y, which will place greater stress on the already-limited supply of energy, country, and h2o resource. These vital resources will have to exist divided amid ever greater numbers of people.

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FOOTNOTES

2

Presented at the Fourth International Congress on Vegetarian Nutrition, held in Hill Linda, CA, Apr 8–11, 2002. Published proceedings edited by Joan Sabaté and Sujatha Rajaram, Loma Linda University, Colina Linda, CA.

© 2003 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

© 2003 American Society for Clinical Diet

jacobsondows1957.blogspot.com

Source: https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/78/3/660S/4690010

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